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Selected Scientific Papers

Human Memory and the Learning Process
Foundations for a General Theory of Human Memory
Stanford Technical Reports

Human Memory and the Learning Process: Selected Papers of Richard C. Atkinson

What follows is the Preface and Table of Contents for a book entitled Human Memory and the Learning Process: Selected Papers of Richard C. Atkinson, assembled by Russian colleagues, translated into Russian, and published in 1980 by the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences. The reference is Human Memory and the Learning Process: Selected Papers of Richard C. Atkinson, edited by Y. Zabrodin and B. F. Lomov. Moscow: Progress Publishing House, 1980.

Human Memory and the Learning Process
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The papers in this volume deal with fundamental research on human memory, perception and cognition as well as more applied work on school learning and the instructional process. A theme running through all of these papers is a close interplay between theory and experimentation. Whenever possible, the theory is stated in formal terms either as a mathematical model or as a computer program; predictions are then derived from the theory; the predictions are used to design an appropriate experiment; the experiment is conducted and data collected; discrepancies are identified between theoretical predictions and experimental outcomes; the theory is revised to take account of the discrepancies; and the cycle of events is repeated. This cycle characterizes the scientific method whether in psychology or any other field of science. The interplay between theory and experiment is strengthened to the extent that the theory is stated in formal terms and can be used to identify differences between observed and predicted behavior.

It is a great honor and a pleasure for me to have some of my papers translated into Russian and published in the Soviet Union. I have been in close contact with psychologists and mathematicians in the Soviet Union since my first visit there in 1960 and these exchanges have proved to be invaluable. Discussions in the 1960’s with Soviet scientists were influential in my use of control theory as a method for optimizing the instructional process, and the first public lecture that I gave on my theory of long- and short-term memory was in Moscow at the 1968 meetings of the International Congress of Psychology. In recent years, I have maintained close relations with Professor Lomov and other members of the Institute of Psychology of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences in Moscow; members of the institute have been in my laboratory at Stanford University several times and I have been a visitor at the Institute on at least four occasions. The understanding and colleagueship between American psychologists and their Soviet counterparts is as close as that of any two nations. Both the science of psychology and relations between our two countries benefit by this close interchange. I hope that the Soviet readers of this volume will share with me my excitement for research in psychology and that together we can expand the frontiers of the psychological sciences.

Richard C. Atkinson
Washington, D.C.
February 22, 1979

SECTION I:     Human Memory and its control processes  
1     The control of short-term memory (with R.M. Shiffrin)    3
2     Human Memory: A proposed system and its control processes (with R.M. Shiffrin)    13
3     Human memory and the concept of reinforcement (with T.D. Wickens)    121
4     Some remarks on a theory of memory (with K.T. Wescourt)     177
SECTION II:     Search and decision processes in recognition memory  
5     Search processes in recognition memory (with D. J. Herrmann and K. T. Wescourt)     193
6     Search and decision processes in recognition memory (with J. F. Juola)    239
SECTION III:     Signal detection and recognition as influenced by memory and learning processes  
7     A learning model for forced-choice detection experiments (with R. A. Kinchla)     293
8     Signal recognition as influenced by information feedback (with T. A. Tanner, Jr., and J. A. Rauk)     317
SECTION IV:     Optimizing the learning process  
9     Adaptive instructional systems: Some attempts to optimize the learning process    335
10     Computerized instruction and the learning process    363
11     Ingredients for a theory of instruction     379
12     Mnemotechnics in second-language learning     391
Human Memory and the Learning Process
(Entire Collection)
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Foundations for a General Theory of Human Memory

Technical reports authored with Richard M. Shiffrin on the foundations for a General Theory of Human Memory (GTHM). These six reports are part of a series of 323 reports published from 1955 to 1992 by the Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences at Stanford University. The complete set of reports can be found at http://suppes-corpus.stanford.edu/imsss.html.

NO. 79 Mathematical Models for Memory and Learning, 1965
NO. 96 Multi-Process Models for Memory with Applications to a Continuous Presentation Task, 1966
NO. 107 Some Two-Process Models for Memory, 1966
NO. 110 Humany Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes, 1967
NO. 127 Some Speculations on Storage and Retrieval Processes in Long-Term Memory, 1968
NO. 137 Search and Retrieval Processes in Long Term Memory, 1968
Foundations for a General Theory of Human Memory
(Entire Collection)
  (13MB)


Stanford Technical Reports

Available below are the technical reports authored by Atkinson while on the faculty of Stanford University. These reports are part of a series of reports published by the Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences. The complete set of reports can be found at http://suppes-corpus.stanford.edu/imsss.html.

NO. 8 An Analysis of Two-Person Game Situations in Terms of Statistical Learning Theory
NO. 9 An Analysis of a Two-Person Interaction Situation in Terms of a Markov Process
NO. 10 Discrimination Learning in a Verbal Conditioning Situation
NO. 21 Markov Learning Models for Multiperson Situations, I. The Theory
NO. 27 Markov Learning Models for Multiperson Situations, II. Methods of Analysis
NO. 28 The Use of Models in Experimental Psychology
NO. 29 A Generalization of Stimulus Sampling Theory
NO. 24 A Variable Threshold Model for Signal Detection
NO. 43 Mathematical Models in Research on Perception and Learning
NO. 46 Sequential Phenomena in Psychophysical Judgements: A Theoretical Analysis
NO. 47 A Variable Sensitivity Theory of Signal Detection
NO. 48 Stimulus Sampling Theory
NO. 49 Some Quantitative Studies of Russian Consonant Phoneme Discrimination
NO. 50 Mathematical Learning Theory
NO. 52 A Test of Models for Stimulus Compounding With Children
NO. 54 Choice Behavior and Reward Structure
NO. 58 Theoretical Note: All-or-None Learning and Intertrial Forgetting
NO. 60 Tests of Acquisition and Retention Axioms for Paired-Associate Learning
NO. 65 Mathematical Models for Verbal Learning
NO. 70 A Learning Model for Forced-Choice Detection Experiments
NO. 78 The Effects of Display Size on Short-Term Memory
NO. 79 Mathematical Models for Memory and Learning
NO. 82 Influence of Correlated Visual Cues on Auditory Signal Detection
NO. 88 The Effects of Reinforcement Interval on the Acquisition of Paired-Associate Responses
NO. 92 Models for Optimizing the Learning Process
NO. 93 Computer-assisted Instruction in Initial Reading: The Stanford Project
NO. 96 Multi-process Models for Memory with Applications to a Continuous Presentation Task
NO. 107 Some Two-process Models for Memory
NO. 110 Human Memory: A Proposed System and Its Control Processes
NO. 112 Spelling Drills Using a Computer-Assisted Instructional System
NO. 113 Instruction in Initial Reading Under Computer Control: the Stanford Project
NO. 114 Recall of Paired-Associates as a Function of Overt and Covert Rehearsal Procedures
NO. 117 Massed vs. Distributed Practice in Computerized Spelling Drills
NO. 119 Computer-Based Instruction in Initial Reading: A Progress Report on the Stanford Project
NO. 122 Computerized Instruction and the Learning Process
NO. 127 Some Speculations on Storage and Retrieval Processes in Long-Term Memory
NO. 138 Applications of Multiprocess Models for Memory to Continuous Recognition Tasks
NO. 139 Information Delay in Human Learning
NO. 140 Processing Time as Influenced by the Number of Elements in the Visual Display
NO. 145 Human Memory and the Concept of Reinforcement
NO. 149 Rehearsal Processes in Free Recall: A Procedure for Direct Observation
NO. 152 Memory Scans Based on Alternative Test Stimulus Representations
NO. 157 An Approach to the Psychology of Instruction
NO. 158 Instruction in Initial Reading under Computer Control: the Stanford Project
NO. 160 Test Stimulus Representation and Experimental Context Effects in Memory Scanning
NO. 164 Computer-assisted Instruction in Programming: AID
NO. 168 An Evaluation of the Stanford CAI Program in Initial Reading (Grades K through 3)
NO. 169 Memory Scanning for Words Versus Categories
NO. 173 The Control Processes of Short-term Memory
NO. 175 Cost and Performance of Computer-Assisted Instruction for Compensatory Education
NO. 177 Factors Influencing Speed and Accuracy of Word Recognition
NO. 184 Student Performance in Computer-assisted Instruction in Programming
NO. 187 Ingredients for a Theory of Instruction
NO. 194 Search and Decision Processes in Recognition Memory
NO. 204 Search Processes in Recognition Memory
NO. 207 Computer-assisted Instruction in Initial Reading
NO. 222 Comparison of student performance under three lesson-selection strategies in computer-assisted instruction
NO. 224 A mnemonic method for the acquisition of a second-language vocabulary
NO. 228 A Rationale and description of the BASIC instructional program
NO. 237 An application of the mnemonic keyword method to the acquisition of a Russian vocabulary
NO. 240 Adaptive instructional systems: Some attempts to optimize the learning process
NO. 249 Predicting reading achievement from measures available during computer-assisted instruction
NO. 252 Fact retrieval processes in human memory
NO. 253 Verification of algebra step problems: A chronometric study of human problem solving
NO. 256 Teaching a large Russian language vocabulary by the mnemonic keyword method
NO. 260 The computer as a tutorial laboratory: The Stanford BIP project
NO. 264 Application of learning models and optimization theory to problems of instruction